1. 强调句型
1.1 构成
强调句型的构成：It is…that/who
that可以指人，也可以指物，但是who只能指人。所以，在写作时，使用that更为保险。
牢记强调句型就是：It is… that…
1.2 解释
当强调句型It is…that…在句子中出现的时候，它们是不作成分的，本身也没有意义。
它们就像一个框架，强调哪部分内容，就把哪部分内容 放在 It is…that 中间的省略号处，强调部分不允许有任何修改。但是需要注意的是一般情况下强调句型不能强调句子的谓语。
强调句型既然只是一个框架,那么当它在其他句子中出现时,必须遵守其他句子的时态( 就两种时态:要么is,要么was,过去时态用was,其他时态都用is).
I met my old flame in the street yesterday.
我昨天在街上遇到了我的旧情人.
强调句型正确的写法为
- It was I that met my old flame in the street yesterday.
- It was yesterday that I met my old flame in the street.
1.3 强调句与主语从句的区别
判断方法很简单，只需要把 It is… that…去掉即可。如果去掉后句子成分依然完整的话， 就是强调句；如果去掉后句子成分残缺，就是主语从句。
- It is obvious that one should make friends with those who can make you become aggressive and optimistic.
去掉It is…that…后,句子变成: Obvious one should make friends with those who can make you become aggressive and optimistic.
显然句子不正确, obvious如果想放在句首,应该是副词形式 obviously,所以这个是主语从句。
1.4 总结
强调句型乃写作三大经典句型（强调句型、倒装、虚拟语气）之一。能够熟练掌握本句型的同学，可以随意强调句子中除谓语以外的任意部分；掌握不太好的同学，如果怕出错， 那么强调主语会是一个不错的选择（主语前加 it is/was，后加that)。
2. 倒装
2.1 含义
- Do you love me？
- Is your father an official？
- Have you been to Europe？
这就是倒装，倒装就是把一句话写成一般疑问句的形式，也就是给一句话加个助动词或 把be动词放在句首。再次说明一下：此节不涉及全部倒装，因为考研中用到全部倒装的概率很低。
2.1.1 倒装句
一般疑问句的形式，但后面没有问号。
2.2 使用
否定词放在句首用倒装
I have never been to other countries except Japan.
Never have I been to other countries except Japan.so(表肯定),nor/ neither(表否定)位于句首,表明承前句子的肯定或否定时用倒装
My husband can speak Japanese. I can speak Japanese, too.
My husband can speak Japanese, and so can I.含有so…that.结构的句子将 so 引导的部分置于句首时用倒装
He was so excited that he cannot help laughing at midnight.
So excited was he that he cannot help laughing at midnight.only 引出的状语位于句首时用倒装
His girlfriend called his name only once.
Only once did his girlfriend call his name.as引导让步状语从句,从句的表语可以放在句首构成倒装
As I look ugly, I am quite gentle.
Ugly as I look, I am quite gentle.
3. 虚拟语气
3.1 含义
当表示与事实相反的或虚假的、难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气。有时表示主观愿望、建议或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。
3.2 一般用法
所有的条件句都可以写成虚拟 语气。那如何把正常的不虚拟的句子变成虚拟语气呢？
答案是：只需要把已经写好的句子的时态变成过去时。
如果你是我眼中的一滴泪,我就永远不会哭泣.
If you are a tear in my eyes, I will never shed it.
If you were a tear in my eyes, I would never shed it.
如果昨天晚上我是一条狗,就能够睡在你的身边了.
If I was a dog last night, I could sleep beside you. （过去时还有过去时吗？有的，那就是过去完成时：had+done。）
If I had been a dog last night, I could have slept beside you.
3.2.1对现在和将来的虚拟
主句用“ would+do”；从句用一般过去时。
- 如果大多数年轻人都没有自信的话,我们的社会将会付出惨重的代价.
If most of youngsters fail to be confident, the whole society will pay a heavy price.(不虚拟)
If most of youngsters failed to be confident, the whole society would pay a heavy price.(虚拟)
3.2.2 对过去的虚拟
主句用“ could+ have done”；从句用过去完成时。
需要注意的是：第一，虚拟语气中，所有be动词的过去式通常是were，不用was；第二， would = could = might。
如果当初我听了妈妈的话,我早已拥有一个灿烂的未来了.
If I followed my mother at the beginning, I could have a brilliant future.(不虚拟)
If I had followed my mother at the beginning, I could have had a brilliant future.(虚拟)
3.2.3 总结
主句加情态动词，从句比主句退时不退态。
—过去完成—🐶过去🐶—现在完成—🐷现在-🐷—将来—将来完成—
—🐶过去完成🐶—过去—-🐷现在完成-🐷—现在—将来—将来完成—
3.3 特殊用法
3.3.1 从句用should+动词原形
以下情况从句用” should+动词原形”表示虚拟,并且 should可以省略
以防: in case that, for fear that,lest等.
命令: order, direct, command等.
建议: suggest, advise, propose等.
要求:ask, request, require, demand等.
是必要/紧急的: It is necessary/ important/ urgent that.…
My boyfriend asked me that I should lose my weight as quickly as possible.
我的男朋友要求我尽快减肥.
It is necessary that universities should take urgent steps to attach importance to the issue of mental health of university students.
大学采取紧急措施关注大学生心理问题是非常必要的。
3.3.2 虚拟语气的倒装
if引导虚拟条件句时，如果从句中有were/had/ should，可以省略if，用倒装句式“were/ had/ should+主语”。
- If I were at school again, I would study better.
Were I at school again, I would study better.
4. 插入语
插入语是指插在句子中的词语或句子，其位置比较灵活，通常用逗号或破折号隔开，与句子的其他部分之间没有语法上的关系。其作用是对一句话附加解释、说明或总结；
有时表示说话人的态度和看法；有时起强调作用；有时是为了引起对方的注意；还可以起转移话题 或说明原因的作用；也可以承上启下，使语句间的衔接更为紧密。
4.1 常见插入语
4.1.1 副词作插入语
常见的有: undoubtedly, indeed, surely, obviously, briefly, actually, furthermore, besides, additionally, similarly, exactly等.
- Respecting parents, undoubtedly, keeps a Chinese traditional virtue.
- Cooperation, actually, is a necessity to success.
4.1.2 介词短语作插入语
常见的有: for my part, from my perspective, in short, on the contrary, in other words,in a/some sense, in general, in one’s opinion, in conclusion, in reality, as a matter of fact, to be sure, in addition, in return, as a consequence/ result等
- The story about the hen, for my part, seeks to draw our attention to the issue of honesty.
- The public, in conclusion, should do something to relieve the current situation.
4.1.3 不定式短语作插入语
常见的有: to be frank, to tell you the truth, to be honest, to be sure, to make the matter worse等.
- Those charming actors, to be frank, are hard-working when they perform on the stage.
4.1.4 分句作插入语
常见的有: I believe, I suppose,I’ m afraid,what’ s more, you know, that is( to say),as far as I know, as far as I’ m concerned, believe it or not等.
- Overfishing, believe it or not, has become a widespread problem around the world.
4.1.5 现在分词短语作插入语
常见的有: honestly speaking, generally speaking, strictly speaking等.
- The number of fish, strictly speaking, has decreased sharply in ten years.
4.2 总结
插入语使语言显得更正式，所以在一篇作文中使用3~4次插入语很正常。
翻译方法要视情况而定：
- 如果插入语是表示观点的表达，则要提到句首翻译；
- 如果插入语是修饰前面名词的定语，则按照定语的翻译方法来处理；
- 除了以上两种情况，插入语都是直接翻译，用小括号隔开即可。
