一. 句子结构
主语: Subject -> 动作的发出者
谓语: Verb -> 动作
宾语: Object -> 动作的承受者
1.1 简单句: 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
1.2 并列句: 主谓宾 + 并列词 + [主]谓宾
并列词: and, or, but, not only…but also
两个句子是同等地位
1.3 复合句: 主谓宾(主句) + 从句引导词 + 主谓宾(从句)
从句引导词: which, when, where
主句是主导地位, 从句是从属地位
从句类型:
- 名词性从句(名词)
- 定语从句(形容词)
- 状语从句(副词)
1.4 总结
句子必须有谓词
一个简单句子不能出现多个谓词
二. 简单句的变种(六个句型)
2.1 主 + 谓 + 宾
主: 名词
谓: 及物动词(后面可以接物体)
宾: 名词
2.2 主 + 谓
- 谓: 不及物动词(后面不接物体)
2.3 主 + 系 + 表
系: 系动词
- Be 动词 am, is, are, was, were
感官动词(五官)
- look(看起来), sound(听起来),smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), feel(感觉)
变化动词
- become(变得), turn(变成), go(变得), get(变得), grow(成长)
静止动词
- stay, remain, keep
- Be 动词 am, is, are, was, were
表语
- 名词
- 形容词
- 不定式(to do 不定式)
- 介宾
- 介词: in on to
- 介词 + 动名词
2.4 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾(作用于多个承受者)
I give you money.
2.5 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 补(结构完整,意思不完整)
The music makes me sad.
- 主: 名词
- 谓: 及物动词
- 宾: 名词
- 补:
- 形容词
- to do 不定式
2.6 There be + 名词 + [介宾] (表达存在)
There is a dog. //这里有条狗 (有是存在的意思, 不是 have 的意思)
There is a dog under the tree. //树下有条狗
三. 从句: 引导词+主谓宾(小弟)
3.1 名词性从句(句子的名词复杂)
一模一样的句子, 只不过位置不同, 所以名称不同
引导词 + 从句 降级变成了名词
主 | 谓 | 宾 |
---|---|---|
名词 | 及物动词 | 名词 |
如果在这里->主语从句 | 如果在这里->宾语从句 |
1 主语从句
That he likes football surprised us.
2 宾语从句
He said that he likes football.
3 表语从句
The fact is that he likes football.
4 同位语从句(引导词常见 that)
同位语是解释名词的名词, 2个名词地位相等
同位语:
Levon, a love man, loves spring. (同位语主语)
Levon loves spring, one of the four. (同位语宾语)
同位语从句:
The fact, that he likes football suprised us.
He states the fact that he likes football.
3.2 定语从句(修饰句子的某个名词)
定语: 修饰名词, 分为两种:
定1: 形容词(短一些)
定2: 短语(介宾或 to do 不定式)或定语从句(长一些)
- 英语不喜欢头重脚轻的句子, 如果是, 请变成头轻脚重, 长的在名词后面放着
- (定1 主语 定2) + 谓语 + (定1 + 宾语 + 定2)
定语例子:
A beautiful(定1) girl shard a facinating story.
A gril from Mars(定2短语) shard a story about her people(定2短语).
A task to tackle(定2短语) is the potatial(定1) creiss.
定语从句例子:
- A girl who likes spring(定2从句) shard a story which moved us(定2从句).
- A beautiful(定1) girl from Mas(定2短语) who likes spring(定2从句) shard a faciting(定1) story about her people(定2短语) which moved us(定2从句).
3.3 状语从句(修饰句子的某个动词或形容词)
就是副词, 修饰动词, 形容词或整个句子
起副词作用的句子就是状语从句
1 时间状语
何时
2 地点状语
在哪
3 原因状语
为啥
4 条件状语
在什么情况下
5 目的状语
为了啥
6 结果状语
导致了啥
7 让步状语
转折
8 方式状语
怎么发生的
状语例子
- Levon smiles happily. (修饰动词, 副词在后)
- Levon quickly understand. (修辞动词, 副词在前)
- She is strikingly beautiful.(修饰形容词)
- He is pretty tall.(修饰形容词)
时间副词
- He came yesterday.
- Yesterday He came.
时间状语从句
- He called me when I was sleeping.
地点副词:
- He celebrated his birthday at school.
- At school he celebrated his brithday.
地点状语从句
- We met where we used to go for a walk.
原因状语从句:
- He likes spring for it is beautiful.
- He likes spring since it is beautiful.(除了 since, 其他引导词都不能在前面)
条件状语从句:
- If you win, there will be a reward.
- As long as you win, there will be a reward.
目的状语
- I study for my well-being.
- I don’t spend extra to save money.
- I don’t spend extra so that I can save money.(从句)
方式状语
- I learned English through an online course.
- I contact my friends via wechat.
结果状语从句
- He tried so hard that he finally successed.
让步状语从句(后面不要转接词)
- Although you have a point there, i don’t agree with your proposal.
四. 三个特殊句式
4.1 强调句
He hit me.
It was him that hit me.
I learn about this project through this site.
It was through this site that I learned about this project.
强调的内容在 it is 的后面
It is 名词 that 动词(名词)
It is 介宾 that 主谓(宾)
4.2 倒装句
正常句: 主谓(宾)
倒装句: 谓主(宾)
We can win only when we try harder.
Only when we try harder can we win.
We can win only through hard work.
Only through hard work can we win.
4.3 虚拟语气
假设一件有可能发生的事情 -> 条件状语从句
假设一件不可能发生的事情(我是个女的?) -> 虚拟语气
- 条件状语从句(主将从现)
If it rains, the event will be canceled.
虚拟语气
现在不可能(一般过去时)
If i were a girl, i would be a soldier.
过去不可能(过去完成时)
I had studied English, it would have been easier now.
五. 时态
一般(习惯性)
- 现在
- 过去
- 将来
进行(正在发生)
- 现在
- 过去
- 未来
完成(有结果,造成了影响)
- 现在(对现在有影响)
- 过去(对昨天有影响)
- 将来(对明天有影响)
六. 语态
5.1 主动语态
I finished my task.
5.2 被动语态(Be 动词+ 动词过去分词)
My task is finished.
七. 非谓语
不是谓语, 但是和动作有关系(动词分词), 像是引导词
分词
现在分词(doing) 主动关系做了
过去分词(done) 被动关系做了
The boy was lost, failing to find the way back here.
The boy was lost, failed by his poor memory.
八. 英语句子成分
- 一个句子最最基本的成分是主语和谓语,二者缺一不可,否则就不是完整的句子.
- 主语可以简单的理解成名词, 谓语可以简单理解为动词
- 宾语一般也是名词, 句子承受者
- 定语简单理解为形容词
- 表语, 常见系表结构, 通常也是形容词
- 状语简单理解为副词, 说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。